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SARATOGA 



A.NT> 



KAY-AD-ROS-SE-RA 



AN HISTORICAL ADDRESS, 



N. B. SYLYESTER, 



DELIVERED AT SARATOGA SPRINGS, N. Y., 



JULY 4., 1876. 



"She stood beside the well her God had given 
To gush in that deep wilderness, and bathed 
The forehead of her child until he laughed 
In his reviving happiness. * * * " 

— Willis. 



TROY, N. Y.: 

WILLIAM H. YOUNG, 8 AND 9 FIRST STREET. 
181&. 



Price 25 Cents. 



SARATOGA 



AND 



KAY-AD-ROS-SE-RA 



AN HISTORICAL ADDRESS, 



N^B.^'SYLVESTER, 



DELIVERED AT SARATOGA SPRINGS, N. Y., 



JXJIL.Y 4, 1876. 



■ She stood beside the well her God had given 
To gush in that deep wilderness, and bathed 
The foi-ehead of her ehild until he laughed 
In his reviving happiness. * * * " 

— WUlis. 






TROY, N. Y. : 

WILLIAM H. YOUNG, 8 AND 9 FIRST STREET. 

is'ze. 






.^^ 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by 

Nathaniel Bartlett Sylvester, 
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. 



PRELIMINARY PROCEEDINGS. 



(From the Daily Saratogian of June 6th, 1876.) 

" A meeting of prominent citizens was held at Congress 
Hall yesterday evening, for the purpose of considering the 
importance of having an historical address delivered here on 
the evening of the Fourth of July, in compliance with the re- 
quest made through President Grant's proclamation. Gen. 
E. F. Bullard called the meeting to order, when Capt. J. P. 
Butler was called to the chair, and Frank H. Hathorn was 
chosen Secretary. 

" It was moved and carried that our townsman, N. B. 
Sylvester, be invited to prepare and deliver the address on 
that occasion. 

" An executive committee was appointed, consisting of A. 
M. Boyce, B. F. Judson, Paoli Durkee, H. A. Wilson, Chas. 
H. Hulbert, John T. Carr, E. F. Bullard, and John A. Bryan, 
after which the meeting adjourned." 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



Saratoga Springs, June 6th, 1876. 
N. B. Sylvester, Esq. : 

Dear Sir — I' enclose to you the proceedings of a public 
rneeting called to take action in regard to the annual, but this 
year centennial, natal day. 

Our citizens, in view of a proclamation of the President, 
have extended to you a cordial invitation to prepare and deli- 



4 CORRESPONDENCE. 

ver on that occasion an historical address, at the Town Hall 
in this village. 

I was designated to advise you of the action of the meeting, 
and solicit your acceptance. 

Trusting that you may find it convenient to accede to this 
call, and advise us of your acceptance at an early day, 
I am, sir. 

Very respectfully yours, 

J. P. BUTLER. 



Saratoga Springs, June 7th, 1876. 
Capt. J. P. Butler : 

Dear Sir — I received to-day your favor of yesterday, in- 
viting me, in behalf of the citizens of Saratoga Springs, to 
prepare and to deliver, at the Town flail, on the coming Inde- 
pendence day, an historical address. 

Please assure the citizens that in accordance with their 
wishes I shall be happy to do what I can on the occasion, but 
while accepting the invitation, and thanking you for your kind 
expression of it, let me add that 1 fear the limited time inter- 
vening will hardly permit one to do the subject justice, 
especially in a place like Saratoga, around whose name cluster 
so many historic memories. 

I remain, 

Very truly yours, 

N. B. SYLVESTER. 



PROCEEDINGS AT THE TOWN HALL, JULY 4TH. 



(From the Daily Saratogian, July 6th, 1876.) 

" In compliance with the proclamation of the President, an 
historical address was read at the Town Flail, on the evening 
of the 4th by Mr, N. B. Sylvester, who had been requested by 
citizens to prepare and read such a paper. The meeting was 
formally opened by Capt. J. P. Butler, who made some timely 
remarks, concluding by nominating Judge A. Bockes as chair- 
man. On taking the chair Judge B. introduced Mr. Sylvester, 
who read an able and carefully prepared paper, which will be 
found printed elsewhere in this morning's Daily Saratogian. 

"At the conclusion of the address, Judge Bockes compli- 
mented Mr. Sylvester on the able paper he had just had the 
privilege of listening to, saying that il was an invaluable his- 
torical document. 

'• A motion was made and carried that the thanks of the 
meeting be extended to Mr. Sylvester ; that the address be 
published, and that one copy be tiled in the town clerk's office, 
and another be forwarded to Washington." 



OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. 



" History of Saratoga. — "We publish in full, in this paper, the admira- 
bly written and very interesting History of Saratoga prepared by Hon. N. 
B. Sylvester, and delivered to a small audience on the evening of the 4th of 
July. The audience was small owing to the furious rain storm which 
came up just about the time the meeting was to be held. But in the 
columns of the Sun Judge Sylvester's admirable historical address will be 
read by thousands of people, and by all of them with much pleasure, and 
certainly with great profit. Read it, by all means. True, it is pretty 
long, but then it abounds in historical facts and incidents which should be 
familiar to all intelligent Saratoga people." — The Saratoga Sun, July 17. 



"Mr. Sylvester's Historical Address — We give the valuable historical 
address of Hon. N. B. Sylvester, delivered on the evening of the 4th, in 
full this week, and hope the readers of the Sentinel will file it for preser- 
vation." — The Saratoga Sentinel, July 13th. 



" No formal celebration was had at Saratoga Springs. In the evening an 
audience gathered at the Town Hall to hear an historical address prepared 
in accordance with' the proclamation of the President. Judge Bockes 
presided, and introduced the orator of the evening, Hon. N. B. Sylvester. 
His address, as published in the Saratogian, is a well written essay upon 
the early history of this section of the country, and bears evidence of deep 
study of the subject." — The Ballston Democrat, July ^th. 



" N. B. Sylvester, Esq., formerly of this village, delivered an able and 
scholarly centennial historical address at Saratoga Springs on the Fourth. 
— Journal and Republican, (Lowville, N. Y.) July 12th. 



HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 



I. 

INTRODUCTION. 

Mr. Chairman and Fellow Citizens : 

We meet to-day, on this anniversary of our nation's 
birth, under no ordinary circumstances. 

Last evening's sun, as it slowly sank in glory behind 
the western hills, marked the closing hours of the first 
century of our nation's life. 

Since the fathers of our republic met in Independence 
Hall, and, proclaiming liberty to all the land, made this 
day of the year forever memorable in the annals of the 
world, a hundred years have passed away. 

And now that we have reached one of Time's moun- 
tain-peaks, it is well for us to pause for a few brief mo- 
ments upon its summit, and look back over the weary 
way which we have been traveling, into the Past, before 
we press forward again with eager steps into the vale of 
the shadowy Future which lies forever so invitingly 
before us. 

The people of this land have always been so busy with 
the stirring present, and so anxious about the immediate 
future, that they have been in a great measure careless 



8 HISTORICAL*ADDRESS. 

and forgetful of the past. Of a truth it may be said that 
our country, so young in years when compared with the 
nations of the Old "World, has, until recently, scarcely 
had a past in which to look. Until quite recent times 
our nation's birth, as well as all the stages of its won- 
drous growth and development, have been within the ob- 
servation and the memory of many living men. But at 
length a hundred years in passing have removed all the liv- 
ing landmarks, one by one, and now that the father's lips 
are sealed forever, and can no longer tell us the story, the 
children must grope their way among the too meagre re- 
cords which they have left us, to find what the fathers 
did so wisely and so well toward building the great su- 
perstructure which we are now so proud to call our coun- 
try, upon the foundation which they so firmly laid in 
suffering and in faith. 

And as we look back through our country's history, 
we shall see much to admire and much to condemn. 
Like all other stories of man's doings, it is a checkered 
story of mingled good and ill. In its warp and in its 
woof are many threads of brilliant dyes and by far too 
many shades of darker hues. Let us hope that as the 
fabric of our country's history goes widening on, it may 
grow brighter also with its lengthening years. 

But these reflections upon national affairs which so 
naturally rise in our minds all unbidden on this anniver- 
sary, are not our theme to-day. On this occasion, in com- 
pliance with the proclamation of the President, the his- 
tory of our county, our town and our village demands 
our attention. And what name stands forth more glo- 



SAEATOGA. 9 

riously in our country's annals than Saratoga? With 
Lexington and Bunker Hill, with Trenton, Monmouth 
and Ticonderoga, with Germantown and Yorktown, Sar- 
atoga is one of our country's high historic names. 

It has been my endeavor, in the short time allotted me, 
to somewhat briefly recall the main incidents in the story 
of Saratoga of the olden time, and of its surroundings, 
which have rendered its name so famous in history. And 
although the most of these more important events in our 
history may be as familiar to you all as household words, 
I trust it will not be unprofitable for us to review them 
to-day, while every city, town and hamlet in the land is 
placing on record the story of its struggles and achieve- 
ments in subduing the old wilderness, and in fitting the 
waste places of the earth for bearing fruitful harvests. 

II. 

GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF SARATOGA COUNTY. 

In order to rightly understand the history of any place, 
and to properly comprehend the true bearing which 
events happening in other places near at hand or more 
remote have had upon its welfare, we must take into ac- 
count its geographical aspects and position. 

That part of our State which is commonly called 
Northern New York, in which Saratoga has, at all times, 
been so prominent, has always been, and is to-day, a vast 
wilderness surrounded by a narrow fringe of settlements. 
This wilderness region is a system of rugged highlands 
that rises into lofty mountain peaks in the interior, and 



10 HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 

gradually slopes off on every side into deep depressions 
or valleys, in which run great water courses. On the 
north of this region flows the St. Lawrence. To the 
east of it are the valleys of Lake Champlain and the Up- 
per Hudson. To the south of it is the Mohawk and the 
Oneida Lake and its outlet flowing through the Oswego 
river into Lake Ontario. On the west is Lake Ontario, 
from which runs the St. Lawrence, completing the en- 
circling chain of almost a thousand miles of living waters 
that surround Northern New York, making of it an is- 
land. 

Along these valleys which surround Northern New 
York, in which these water-courses run, have always 
been the world's great routes of travel. In these great 
natural thoroughfares ran all the old Indian trails, and 
for more than two hundred years they formed the path- 
way of contending armies. 

After sixty years of smiling peace other armies travel 
through them, multitudes of summer tourists in searcli 
of health or pleasure, on their way to Saratoga, Lake 
George, the Adirondacks, the gloomy Saguenay, Trenton 
Falls, the Thousand Islands, Niagara, the great lakes, 
and the prairies beyond. In the pathway of the Indian 
warrior, and of the hostile armies of colonial times, stood 
Saratoga of the olden time. In the pathway of these mul- 
titudes of summer tourists stands the modern village of 
Saratoga Springs to-day, the world's greatest watering 
place. 

From the earliest colonial times until the close of the 
war of the American revolution the people who dwelt 



SARATOGA. 1 1 

on the banks of tlie St. Lawrence were at almost per- 
petual war with the people whose homes were in the 
valleys of the Hudson and Mohawk. The territory 
which now comprises the county of Saratoga lay in the 
angle between two great pathways, one from the north 
and one from the west. And lying as it did in the angle 
of the war trails, it became the battle ground of nations. 
Whoever possessed it was master of the situation and 
held the door of the country. For the hundred and 
seventy years before the close ot the war of the revolu- 
tion in which its authentic history runs back, there was 
scarcely an hour of peaceful rest unbroken by the fear of 
the savage invader in this battle ground of Saratoga, in 
this angle between the great northern and western war 
trails. 



III. 

THE INDIAN SARATOGA. 

Among the earliest dates in which the name Saratoga 
appears in history is the year 1684. It was not then the 
name of a town, nor of a county, neither was it the name 
of a great watering place, but it was the name of an old 
Indian hunting ground located along both sides of the 
Hudson River. The Hudson, after it breaks through its 
last mountain barrier above Glens Falls, for many miles 
of its course runs through a wider valley. After winding 
for a while through this wider valley, it reaches the first 
series of its bordering hills at a point in the stream near- 
ly opposite Saratoga Lake. This old hunting ground was 



12 HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 

situated where the outlying hills begin to crowd down to 
the river banks, and was called in the significant Indian 
tongue Se-rach-ta-gue, or the " Hillside country of the 
great river."* 

It has also been said that Saratoga in the Indian lan- 
guage, means the " place of the swift water," in allusion 
to the rapids and falls that break the stillness of the 
stream where the hillside country begins on the river.f 

Then again, an Indian whose name was 0-7'on-hia-tek- 
ha of Caugh-na-wa-ga on the St. Lawrence, who was well 
acquainted with the Mohawk dialect, informed Dr. 
Hough, the historian, that Saratoga was from the Indian 
Sa-ra-ta-he^ meaning " a place where the track of the 
heel may be seen," in allusion to a spot near by, where 
depressions like foot-prints may be seen in the rocks.:}: 

But whether its meaning be this, that, or the other, I 
am sure it is gratifying to us all that this famous re- 
sort, situated as it is on American soil, bears an American 
name. 

As early as 1684, this hillside country of the Hudson, 
the ancient Indian Se-rach-ta-gue, was sold by the chiefs 
of the Mohawks to Peter Philip Schuyler and six other 
eminent citizens of Albany, and the Indian grant con- 
firmed by the English government. This old hunting 
ground then became known in history as the Saratoga 

* Steele's Analysis, p. 13, N. Y. His. Col. 

f Vide Judge Scott's historical address at Ballston Spa, July 4th, 1876, 
also. Reminiscences of Saratoga, by Wm. L. Stone, p. 5. 

:J:Hough'8 History of St. Lawrence and Franklin counties, p. 189. But 
Morgan, in his League of the Iroquois, says the signification of Saratoga 
is lost. 



SAKATOGA. 13 

patent. As set forth in the Indian deed and described in 
the letters patent, it was a territory of fifteen miles in 
length along the river and six miles in width on both 
sides It reached from the Di-on-on-da-ho-iva, now the 
Battenkill, near Fort Miller on the north, to the Ta-nen- 
da-ho-wa, now the Anthony's kill, near Mechanic ville, on 
the south. The towns of old Saratoga and Stillwater on 
the west side of the river, and the town of Easton (the 
east town) on the east side of the river, are within the 
bounds of this ancient patent. This was the Saratoga 
of the olden time. It is called on some old maps So-roe- 
to-gos land. 

In the year 168Y, three years after the Mohawks had 
sold this hunting ground, and the patent had been 
granted. Gov. Dongan of New York attempted to induce 
a band of Christian Iroquois that the French missionaries 
had led to Cach-na-oua-ga to return and settle in ancient 
Se-rach-ta-gueJ^ This was done to form a barrier between 
the then frontier town of Albany and the hostile French 
and Indians on the north. Some of their descendants 
still make an annual pilgrimage to the springs, and en- 
camping in the groves near by, form an interesting part 
of the great concourse of visitors. 

But it will be seen that the ground on which the village 
of Saratoga Springs is built, and the region in which the 
famous mineral springs are found, formed no part of the 
old hunting ground and patent of Saratoga. The So-roe- 
to-gos land of the olden time lay along the Hudson, and 
extended no further west than Saratoga Lake. 

* Doc. His. of N. Y. Vol. 1, p. 156. 



14 HISTORICAL ADDRESS^ 

lY. 

KAY-AD-EOS-SE-RA. 

The Indian name for the territory in which the famous 
mineral springs were found was Kay-ad-ros-se-ra* 

It was one of the favorite hunting grounds of the Iro- 
quois, and lay in the angle between the two great rivers, 
to the south of a line drawn from Glens Falls on the 
Hudson westerly to near Amsterdam on the Mohawk. 
Kay-ad-ros-se-ra means in the Indian tongue the lake 
country, t 

Its principal lake, now Lake Saratoga, was the Lake 
Kay-ad-ros-se-ra of the Mohawks, and its largest stream 
the Kay-adros-se-ra river. On the old French maps, 
Saratoga Lake is called Cap-i-Orqui. The Indian name 
for Round Lake was Ta-nen-da-ho-wa. 

The forests of ancient Kay-ad-ros-se-ra were full of 
game, and its lakes and streams swarmed with fish. The 
herring:}: ran up the west side of the Hudson, and through 
Fish creek, giving rise to its name, into Lake Saratoga in 
immense numbers. The shad ran up on the east side of 
the river, and lay in vast schools in the falls and rapids 
above and below Fort Edward. The sturgeon frequent- 
ed the sprouts of the Mohawk, and sunned themselves 
in the basin below Cohoesf falls. 

* So written in Claude Joseph Sauthier's Map of 1779. Vide Doe. His. 
of N. Y., Vol. I, p. 774. 

f Indian Pass, by Alfred B. Street, intro. p. xv. 

X Vide Annals of Albany. 

II The Indian name for Cohoes falls was Oa-ha-oose^ meaning the " ship- 
wrecked canoe." Vide Morgan's League of the Iroquois. 



SARATOGA. 15 

The wild animals of Kay-ad-ros-se-ra were attracted 
in immense numbers by the saline properties of the min- 
eral springs that then bubbled up in its deepest shades, 
all unknown save to them and its Indian owners. In 
this " paradise of sportsmen " the Mohawks and their 
nearer sister tribes of the Iroquois, the Oneidas and On- 
ondagas, and sometimes the fartlier off Cayugas and Sen- 
ecas, built their hunting lodges every summer around its 
springs, and on the banks of its lakes and rivers. It 
will be seen that wild ancient Kay-ad-ros-se-ra Avas as 
famous in the old time to the red man as modern Sara- 
toga is to-day to the white man. 

The first grant made by the Mohawks of any part of 
Kay-ad-ros-se-ra bears date the 26th of August, 1702. 
In this deed the Indians sold to David Schuyler and 
Robert Livingston, Jr., a tract of land lying on the west 
bank of the Hudson, above the Saratoga patent, and 
running as far up as the great carrying place, (Fort Ed- 
ward) " and westward into the woods as far as their 
property belongs." In the spring following, Samson 
Shelton Broughton, attorney general of the province ob- 
tained a license from the governor in behalf of himself 
and company, to purchase from the Indians a tract of 
land known by the Indian name of Kay-ad-ros-se-ra. 
This license is dated April 22, 1703. In pursuance of 
this license, a purchase was effected of Kay-ad-ros-se-ra^ 
and an Indian deed given the 6th of October, 1704, 
signed by the sachems of the tribe. At length a release 
was obtained from David Schuyler and Robert Livings- 
ton, Jr., of their title acquired by the deed of the 26th 



16 HISTORICAL ADDRESS/ 

of August, 1702, and on the 2d day of November, 1708, 
a patent was granted l)y Queen Anne to " her loving 
subjects Nanning Hermance, Johannes Beekraan, Rip 
Von Dam," and ten others, of the whole of Kay-ad-ros- 
se-ra. But it was not until the year 1768 that the deed 
given by the Indians in 1704 was confirmed by the tribe, 
and then only through the powerful influence of Sir 
William Johnson. 

The chiefs said they were told by the agents of the 
purchasers that the description in the deed only covered 
" land enough for a good sized farm," and that they 
never intended by it to convey to the whites " for a few 
baubles," their great hunting ground, containing half a 
million acres. But after more than sixty years of fruit- 
less quarrels over this old title, the Indians had grown 
weak and the whites had grown strong, and it is the old 
story, the weaker gave up to the stronger. 

On the 2-4th day of March, 1772, three years before 
the war of the revolution broke out, and about the time 
the first white settler was building his rude cabin at the 
Springs, these two patents of Kay-ad-ros-se-ra and 
Saratoga were united by the colonial government into a 
district. The name Kay-ad-ros-se-ra was dropped, and 
the district named after the smaller patent, and called the 
District of Saratoga. Since then the grand old Indian 
name Kay-ad-ros-se-ra, so far as territory is concerned, 
has fallen out of human speech, and is only heard in 
connection with the principal stream and mountain chain 
of the great hunting ground so famous in Indian story. 

The old hunting ground, the beautiful lake and the 



SAKATOGA. 17 

famous springs, have all since the Act of the 24th of 
March, 1772, borne the name of Saratoga. 

Six years after the district was formed, on the 7th of 
March, 1678, it was erected into the township of Sarato- 
ga. During all this time the district and town of Sara- 
toga was a part of Albany county. It was not until 
the 7th of February, 1791, that the county of Saratoga 
was set off from Albany county. On the 9th of April, 
1819, the township of Saratoga Springs was formed from 
the town of Old Saratoga, and on the 17th day of April, 
1826, just fifty years ago, the village of Saratoga Springs 
was incorporated. 



THE DISCOVEET OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN. 

You will remember that in the year 1609 two import- 
ant events took place in the great northern valley extend- 
ing from the Atlantic to the St. Lawrence, in which Sara- 
toga is situated. 

The one was the discovery and exploration of Lake 
Champlain by Samuel de Champlain, governor general 
of New France, in the early summer ; and the other was 
the discovery and exploration of the Hudson river by 
Henry Hudson , an English mariner sailing in the employ 
of the Dutch East India company, early in the autumn. 
Champlain had founded his infant colony of Quebec only 
the year before.* 

* Vide History of Lake Champlain, by Palmer, p. 20 ; Parkman's Pion- 
eers of France ; Champlain's Voyages de la Nouv France. 
3 



18 HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 

During his hunting excursions with the Indians, while 
sitting around their wild camp fires, they had told him 
marvelous stories of a great inland sea filled with won- 
derful islands lying far to the southward of the St. Law- 
rence, in the land of the terrible Iroquois. His curiosity 
was excited, and as soon as the melting snows of the next 
spring would permit, he set out upon a voyage for its 
discovery. After a toilsome passage up the rapids of the 
Richelieu, Champlain entered the lake — the far famed 
" wilderness sea of the Iroquois." It was studded with 
islands that were clothed in the rich verdure of the early 
summer ; its tranquil waters spreading southward beyond 
the horizon. From the thickly wooded shores on either 
side rose ranges of mountains, the highest peaks still 
white with patches of snow. Over all was flung the soft 
blue haze, sometimes called mountain smoke, which seemed 
to temper the sunlight, and shade off the landscape into 
spectral-like forms of shadowy beauty. Who does not 
envy the stern old forest-ranger his first view of the lake 
that was destined to bear his name to the latest posterity ? 

Champlain and his allies proceeded cautiously up the 
lake, traveling only by night, and resting on the shore 
by day, for they were in the land of the much dreaded 
Iroquois, the hereditary enemies of the Algonquin 
nations. 

On the evening of the 29tli of July they met, near 
what is now called Crown Point, a band of Iroquois in 
their canoes paddling down the lake. On the morrow a 
battle was fought upon the territory of Northern New 
York, that resulted in a victory for Champlain and his 



SAEATOGA. 19 

Indian allies. The bold Iroquois, panic-stricken at the 
strange apparation of a white man clad in glittering ar- 
mor, and sending forth from his weapons fire, smoke, 
thunderings and leaden hail, fled in uncontrollable terror 
toward their homes on the Mohawk, leaving everything 
behind them. 

On the 12th of September, in the same year, Henry 
Hudson, in his staunch little ship, the Half Moon, sailed 
into the mouth of the river that bears his name, which 
he called the River of the Mountains, and, it is believed, 
explored the stream as far up as Nach-te-nak, the Indian 
name for the country lying around the " sprouts "* or 
mouths of the Mohawk. 

From these two discoveries, made in the interests of 
rival powers, there arose conflicting claims to the terri- 
tory of Northern New York. These conflicting claims 
resulted in a long series of bloody conflicts, of which 
the soil of Saratoga often formed the battle ground, for 
a hundred and sixty years. 

VI. 

THE DISCOVERY OF LAKE GEORGE. 

The next important event in the history of the great 
northern valley was the discovery of Lake George. 
In the olden time, when the whole north continent was 

* The Mohawk, just before it flows into the Hudson, separates into four 
spreading branches, which the early Dutch settler significantly called 
Spruytes, which is from the Danish Spruiten or Saxon Sprt/ttan, from 
which comes our EngHsh word Sprouts. — Vide Annals of Albany, vol. 2 
page 226. 



20 HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 

a vast howling wilderness from the Frozen Ocean to the 
flowery Gulf Land, many bright fair lakes lay sleeping in 
its awful solitudes, their waters flashing in the sunshine 
like gleaming mirrors, and lighting up the sombre deso- 
lation like jewels in an iron crown, but the fairest and 
the brightest of them all was Lake George. It was the 
gem of the old wilderness. Of the thousand lakes which 
adorn the surface of northern New York, there is none 
among them all so like " A diadem of beauty " as Lake 
George ; its deepest waters as pure and bright as the dew 
drops that linger on its lilies. 

The first white men* who saw Lake George were the 
Jesuit Father Isaac Jogues, and his two companions, 
Rene Goupil and Guillame Couture, who were taken 
over its waters as prisoners — tortured, maimed and bleed- 
ing by the Mohawks — in the month of August, 1642. 
Father Jogues, who had been staying a year or two at the 
mission among the Hurons, had, in the spring of 1642, 
visited Quebec. On his return to the Huron country, he 
was captured by a roving band of Mohawks in the early 
morning of the second day of August on that expansion 
of the St. Lawrence now called Lake St. Peters. 

After submitting to the most cruel tortures, he, with 
his companions, was taken through Lake Champlain to 
Lake George, and from the liead of Lake George across 
the country on the old Indian war trail to the valley of 
the Mohawk. 

The old Indian trail, from the head of Lake George to 
the Mohawk castles, ran directly across our old hunting 

* Parkman's Jesuits in North America, p. 217, &c. 



SARATOGA. 21 

ground of Kwy-ad-ros-se-ra^ over the Greenfield liills and 
across Galway, along the slope of the mountains to the 
west of us, in plain sight of Saratoga Springs. It was a 
rugged trail, leading through the tangled forest in which 
there were many streams to ford, lakes to cross, swamps 
to pass over, and mountains to climb. 

After remaining a prisoner in the Mohawk country 
until July of the next year, Father Jogues, aided by the 
Dutch settlers at Fort Orange (now Albany), made his 
escape. 

In the spring of the year 1646, Father Jogues again 
passed through Lake George on his way to the Mohawk 
country. But this time he went as an ambassador from 
the French and Algonquins in Canada to ratify a treaty 
of peace with the Mohawks. On his way he reached 
Lake George on the eve of Corpus Christi, the feast of 
the Blessed Sacrament, and naming the beautiful lake in 
honor of the day, he called it " The Lake of the Blessed 
Sacrament." As Lake St. Sacrament this lake was known 
for more than a hundred years, until Sir William John- 
son,* in 1775, changed its name to Lake George in honor 
of King George II. Better, says an eminent historian, 
had it been called Lake Jogues in honor of its gentle 
discoverer. 

Again, in the fall of 1646, Father Jogues passed over 
Lake St. Sacrament, and along the old Indian trail which 

* Doc. His. of N. Y., Vol. I, p. 429 : " I am building a fort at this lake 
which the French call Lake St. Sacrament, but I have given it the name 
of Lake George, not only in honor to his Majesty, but to ascertain his 
undoubted dominion here." — Sir William Johnson to Board of Trade, 
September 3d, 1775. 



22 HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 

led across Kay-ad-ros-se-ra to the Mohawk country. He 
was on his way to his mission, where he was soon mur- 
dered by the savages, and which was ever after known as 
the Mission of the Martyrs, St. Mary of the Mohawks. 



YII. 

THE WAR OF 1666. 

After the weary feet of Father Jogues had ceased to 
tread the old trail that crossed Ka/y-ad-ros-se-ra^ no white 
man passed this way again for twenty years. 

In the year 1666, two expeditions crossed our old 
hunting grounds on their way to the Mohawk castles. 
The lirst was the one under Gov. Courcelle, which was 
made in the depths of the Canadian winter. Courcelle 
left Quebec on the 9th of January. Over the frozen 
lakes and rivers, and through the pitiless wintery forests 
he marched on snow shoes, creeping slowly on, day after 
day, with his little band. At night they encamped in 
squads among the trees, dug away the deep snow with 
their snow shoes, and piling it in a bank around them, 
built a fire in the middle, and lay down around it on beds 
of hemlock boughs to rest. After leaving Lake St. Sacra- 
ment, now Lake George, they lost their way, and wan- 
dered down to Saratoga Lake, and then struck the old 
Indian trail that led up tlie Kay-ad-ros-se-ra river and 
up the Mourningkill past Ballston Lake to the Mohawk 



8AEAT0GA. 23 

near Schenectady. But this expedition proved a failure, 
and Courcelle soon returned by the way he came.* 

The second hostile expedition from Canada of the year 
1666, was the one undertaken by the Marquis de Tracy, 
lieutenant governor of New France, in the autumn of 
that year. In the beginning of October, Tracy set out 
from Fort St. Anne, on the Isle La Motte, at the northern 
end of Lake Champlain, in command of 600 regular 
troops of the regiment Carignan-Salieres,t and about the 
same number of Canadians and Indians. In passing over 
Lake George this army formed the first of those military 
pageants which in after years made the fair scene historic. 
In going through the old wilderness of Kay-ad-ros-se-ra, 
over the Greenfield hills, in the vicinity of Lake Desola- 
tion, their provisions gave out and they came near starv- 
ing. At length they came to a grove of chestnut trees, 
and finding nuts in great abundance, with them they 
satisfied their hunger. 

Reaching the valley of the Mohawk, they marched 
through the whole length of it without opposition, de- 

*M. de Courcelle was accompanied by M. du Gas, his lieutenant ; M. de 
Salamper, gentleman volunteer ; Father Pierre Raffeix, Jesuit ; by 300 
men of the Regiment Carignan-Salieres, and 200 volunteers — habitans. 
Doc. His. of N. Y., Vol. I., p. 65. 

f The regiment Carignan-Salieres was the first body of regular troops 
sent to Canada by the French king. It was raised by Prince Carignan, in 
Savoy, in 1644, who, being unable to support it, gave it to the king. It 
was conspicuous in the service of the French king in the battles with 
Prince Cond6 in the revolt of the Fronde. In 1664, it took a distinguished 
part with the allied forces of France in the Austrian war with the Turks. 
It 1665 it came with Tracy to Canada. It was under the command of 
Colonel de Salieres — hence its double name. — Vide Parkman's Old Regime, 
and Doc. His. of New York, Vol. I. 



24 KESTOEICAL ADDRESS. 

stroyed all the Indian castles and corn fields, and took 
solemn possession of the country in the name of the 
French king. After erecting huge wooden crosses upon 
the ashes of the Indian villages, in token of conquest and 
dominion, they returned unmolested to Canada by the 
way they came. 

The Mohawks, chastised and humbled, remained quiet 
for a long time afterward, and for another period of 
twenty years there was peace in the old blood-stained 
wilderness. 



YIII. 

THE WAR OF 1686. 

Again in 1686, after these twenty years of peace were 
ended, the French and Indian war broke out afresh, and 
lasted through nine weary years to the peace of 1695. 
During this period of nine years, numerous war parties 
passed through Kay-ad-ros-se-ra and Saratoga on their 
way to and from the hostile settlements on the St. Law- 
rence and the Mohawk and lower Hudson. In the month 
of August, 1689, nine hundred Mohawk warriors passed 
over the old trail that led across the Gi'eeniield hills, that 
twenty -three years before had been trodden by the victor- 
ious Tracy with liis veteran soldiers and train of French 
noblemen. During the twenty years' peace, these wild 
savages had been nursing their wrath, and now their hour 
of sweet revenge had come. Launching their bark 
canoes, they swept down through Lakes George and 
Champlain, and landing on the island of Montreal, like 



SARATOGA. 25 

SO many ravening wolves, carried the war to the very 
gates of the French forts on the St. Lawrence. 

Six months later, in February, 1690, Lient. Le Mojne 
de St. Helene passed down upon snow shoes, and travers- 
ing Lake Saratoga upon the ice, and winding up the 
Kay-ad-ros-se-ra river and the Mourningkill to the little 
hamlet, now below Ballston, called East Line, passed over 
Ballston Lake, and in the dead of the night of the 9th 
of February, swept down upon the sleeping inhabitants 
of Schenectady with indiscriminate slaughter. 

On their hasty return they were followed by Major 
Peter Schuyler, at the head of a company of two hun- 
dred whites and a band of Mohawks, as far as Lake 
Champlain, and fifteen French prisoners were taken and 
brought back to the Mohawk towns. 

And now we come during these nine years of war to 
the first of those military expeditions that were under- 
taken by the English colonies upon a large scale for the 
conquest of Canada, that, passing through Old Saratoga, 
made it a place of note in the annals of savage warfare.* 

On the 1st day of May, 1690, the first American Con- 
gress met at the old fort in the city of New York. In 
pursuance of its recommendations, a joint expedition of 
the colonies for the conquest of Canada was planned and 
fitted out, the command of whicli was given to General 
Fitz John "Winthrop of Connecticut. 

On the 14th day of July, 1690, Gen. Winthrop left 
Hartford with the New England troops, and passing 
through a virgin wilderness, whose interminable shades 

* Butler's Lake George and Champlain, p. 26. 
4 



26 HISTOEICAL ADDRESS. 

were broken only by the little settlements at and near 
Albany, arrived at Stillwater on the 1st of August. 

Stillwater was " so named " says the old chronicler, 
" because the water passes so slowly as not to be discover- 
ed, while above and below it is disturbed, and rageth as 
in a great sea occasioned by rocks and falls therein." 

On the day after, he arrived at Sar-agh-to-ga, near 
where Schuylerville now is. Here at Saratoga he found 
a block-house and some Dutch troops under Major Peter 
Schuyler, mayor of Albany, who had preceded him with 
the New York forces. From this date, the 2d day of 
August, 1690, six years after the old patent was granted, 
and almost two centuries ago, Saratoga takes its place 
among the long list of our country's geographical names. 

Major Schuyler had already pushed up to the second 
carrying place, now Fort Miller Falls, where lie had 
stopped to build some bark canoes. The next and third 
carrying place above was from the Hudson at Fort Ed- 
ward to what is now Fort Ann on Wood Creek. This 
portage ran through a magnificent grove of pines for 
twelve miles, and was known in old forest annals as the 
" Great Carrying Place." 

This expedition proved an utter failure. But before its 
return, Capt. John Schuyler, brotliei" of the mayor, and 
grandfather of Gen. Philip Schuyler of revolutionary 
memory, pushed on down Lake Champlain and made his 
famous raid upon the Canadian settlement of I.a Prairie. 

In the next year, 1691, Major Peter Schuyler, at the 
head of two hundred and sixty whites and eighty Mo- 
hawks from their camp at Saratoga Lake, following in 



SAEATOGA. 27 

the track of his brother, made another descent upon the 
doomed settlement of La Prairie. 

To retaliate these injuries, Count de Frontenac, Gover- 
nor-general of Canada, resolved to strike a blow upon the 
Mohawk settlements. Accordingly, in January, 1693, he 
sent a force of six hundred and twenty-five men, includ- 
ing Indians, who passed down over the old trail that led 
from Lake George to the bend of the Hudson above 
Glens Falls, and froin thence through Wilton, Gi-eenfield, 
and along the brow of the Kay-ad-ros-se-ra range to the 
Mohawk castles. On its return march over this old trail, 
this war party was followed by Major Peter Schuyler and 
his forces, who overtook it in the town of Greenfield or 
Wilton. 

Up yonder, near the old Indian Pass over the Palmer- 
town range on the border of Wilton, almost if not quite 
in sight of Saratoga Springs, in the month of February, 
1693, a battle was fought, or rather a series of engage- 
ments took place, in which the French loss amounted in 
all to thirty-three killed and twenty-six wounded. At the 
conclusion of the fight the French retreated toward the 
Hudson. It had been thawing, and the ice was floating in 
the river. When the French arrived on its banks a large 
cake of ice had lodged in the bend of the stream. The 
French crossed over on this cake of ice in safety, but be- 
fore their pursuers came up it had floated away, leaving 
them no means of crossing, and the chase was relinquish- 
ed. This closes the record of the nine years' war from 
1686 to 1695. From the year 1695 until the year 1709, 



28 HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 

a period of fourteen years, peace again spread her white 
wings over the grim old wilderness. 

IX. 

THE WAK OF 1709. 

In the year 1709 the war known as Queen Anne's war 
broke out between England and France, and the warfare 
of the wilderness again began its savage butchery.* 

In this war we come to the founding and construction 
of the military works in old Saratoga and along the great 
northern valley, which lasted unto comparatively modern 
times, and with whose names we have been so long fa- 
miliar. 

Again in 1709 a joint expedition like that led by Gen. 
Winthrop in 1690, was planned for the conquest of 
Canada. In 1709, Major Richard Ingoldesby, who had 
come over in command of the Queen's four companies of 
regulars, was lieutenant governor of the province. Peter 
Philip Schuyler was now a colonel in the service, as well 
as one of the governor's council and a commissioner of 
Indian affairs, while his brother John had been advanced 
to the rank of lieutenant colonel. The command of the 
expedition was given by Ingoldesby in May to Gen. 
Nicholson. 

About the 1st of June, Col. Schuyler, in command of 
the vanguard of the English forces, comprising three 
hundred men, including pioneers and artificers, moved 
out of Albany upon his northward march. At Still- 

*Vide Butler's Lake George and Champlain, and N. Y. His. Doc. 



SAEATOGA. 29 

water, Colonel Schuyler halted his command, and built a 
small stockaded fort for provisions, which he named Fort 
Ingoldesby, in honor of the lieutenant governor. Halt- 
ing again at old Saratoga, where he had built a block 
house in 1690, and which in the meantime had become a 
little hamlet in the wilderness. Col. Schuyler built another 
stockaded fort. This fort was built on the east side of 
the Hudson, below the mouth of the Battenkill, on the 
hill nearly opposite the mouth of Fish Creek, and was 
known as Fort Saratoga. 

Proceeding up the river. Col. Schuyler built another 
fort at the second carrying place of Fort Miller Falls. 
From Fort Miller Falls Col. Schuyler built a military 
road along the east banks of the Hudson up to the Great 
Carrying Place. At the beginning of the Great Carry- 
ing Place on the Hudson, at what is now Fort Edward, 
Col. Schuyler built another stockaded fort vvdiich he 
named Fort I^icholson, in honor of the commanding gen- 
eral. Proceeding across the Great Carrying Place to the 
forks of Wood creek, which runs into Lake Champlain, 
he built another stockaded fort, which was first called 
Fort Schuyler, but which two years later was called Fort 
Anne, in honor of the Queen. I need not follow the for- 
tunes of this expedition to its failure and return. 

Two years later, in the year 1711, another expedition 
in command of Gen. ISTicholson, left Albany, on the 24th 
of August, and proceeding up the northern valley of the 
Hudson, crossed the Great Carrying Place to Fort Anne. 
While there, Gen. Nicholson learned that her Majesty's 
fleet in the St. Lawrence, which was to co-operate with 



30 HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 

him in the conquest of Quebec, had been shattered by 
storms with the loss of a thousand men. So he returned 
to Albany with all his forces, and the third expedition 
fitted out for the conquest of Canada proved like the 
other two a most mortifying failure. But in 1T13, peace 
was again declared between England and France, which 
lasted until 1744, and so for a period of thirty-one years 
there was peace along the great northern war-path. 

During this period of thirty-one years of quiet in the 
old wilderness, the French were not idle on Lake Cham- 
plain, neither were the Schuylers idle at their little set- 
tlement of Old Saratoga. 

In 1731, during this period of profound peace, the 
French built Fort St. Frederick, at Crown Point, on 
Lake Champlain. This fort soon became a menace and 
a terror to the people of the valley of the Upper Hud- 
son. There grew up under its protecting walls a little 
French village of near fifteen hundred inhabitants, and 
the valley of Lake Champlain became as much a prov- 
ince of Kew France as was the valley of the St, Law- 
rence. During this period of thirty-one years of peace, 
the landing place of Old Saratoga grew into a little for- 
est hamlet containing some thirty houses and over one 
hundred inhabitants. 

X. 

THE WAK OF 1744. 

The war of 1744 found Saratoga, with its little tumble- 
down stockaded fort on the hill near by, the extreme 



SAEATOGA. 31 

northern outpost of the English settlements. There was 
but a single step, as it were, between it and the frowning 
walls of the French fort St. Frederick at Crown Point, 
from which a deadly blow might be expected at any mo- 
ment. In November, 1745, the blow came.> At mid- 
night, on the 15th of November, the sleeping inhabitants 
of Old Saratoga were awakened by the terrible war- 
whoop. The place was attacked by a force of three hun- 
dred French and Indians under the command of M. 
Marin. The fort and houses of the village were all 
burned to the ground. Of the inhabitants thirty were 
killed and scalped, and sixty made prisoners. 

The celebrated French missionary, Father Picquet, the 
founder of the mission and settlement La Presentation, 
at the mouth of the Oswegatchie, now Ogdensburgh, on 
the St. Lawrence, in \74:9, accompanied this expedition. 
From his tireless zeal he was called by the French " The 
Apostle to the Iroquois," and by the English " The 
Jesuit of the West." 

During this short war no less than twenty-seven ma- 
rauding parties swept down from Fort St. Frederick at 
Crown Point upon the settlers of what are now Saratoga 
and Rensselaer counties. It was the midnight war-whoop, 
the uplifted tomahawk, the scalping knife, the burning 
dwelling, the ruined home, that made the whole country 
a scene of desolation and blood. 

In the spring of 1746, the English rebuilt and enlarged 
the Fort at Saratoga, and named it Fort Clinton, in 
honor of the governor of the Province. During the 
night of the 17th of June, 1747, Fort Clinton at old 



32 HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 

Saratoga was approached by a band of French and Indians 
under the command of La Corne St. Luc. While the 
main body of the French were lying in concealment near 
by, La Corne sent forward six scouts with orders to lie in 
ambush within eight paces of the fort, to fire upon those 
who should first come out of the fort the next morning, 
and if attacked, to retreat, pretending to be wounded. 
At daybreak in the morning two Englishmen came out 
of the fort, and they were at once fired upon by the 
French scouts, who thereupon fled. Soon after the firing 
began, a hundred and twenty Englishmen came out of 
the fort, headed by their ofiicers, and started in hot pur- 
suit of the French scouts. The English soon fell in with 
the main body of the French, who, rising from their am- 
buscade, poured a galling fire into the English ranks. 
The English at first bravely stood their ground, and 
sharply returned the fire. The guns of the fort also 
opened upon the French with grape and cannon shot. 
But the Indians soon rushed upon the English with terri- 
ble yells, and with tomahawk in hand drove them into 
the fort, giving them scarcely time to shut the gates be- 
hind them. Many of the English soldiers, being unable 
to reach the fort, ran down the hill into the river, and 
were drowned or killed with the tomahawk. The Indians 
killed and scalped twenty-eight of the English, and took 
forty-five prisoners, besides those drowned in the river. 

In the autumn following this disaster. Fort Clinton of 
Saratoga was dismantled and burnt by the English, and 
Albany once more became the extreme northern outpost 
of the English, with nothing but her palisaded walls be- 



SARATOGA. 33 

tween her and the uplifted tomahawks of the ever-frown- 
ing north. In May, 1848, peace was again proclaimed, 
which lasted for the brief period of seven years, until the 
beginning of the last French and Indian war of 1755, 
which ended in the conquest of Canada. 

During this short peace of seven years the settler's axe 
was again heard, as he widened his little clearing upon 
many a hillside, and the smoke went curling gracefully 
upward from his lonely cabin in many a valley along the 
Upper Hudson. 

It was in the summer of 1749, during the short peace, 
that Peter Kalm,* the Swedish botanist, traveled through 
this great northern war path in the interests of science. 
He gives in his account of the journey a graphic descrip- 
tion of the ruins of the old forts at Saratoga, at Fort 
Nicholson and Fort Ann, which were then still remain- 
ing in the centres of small deserted clearings in the 
great wilderness through which he passed. He made 
many discoveries of rare and beautiful plants before 
unknown to Europeans, and in our swamps and low- 
lands a modest flower, the Kahnia-glauGa, swamp-laurel, 
blooms in perpetual remembrance of his visit. But 
there were no mineral springs in the Saratoga visited by 
Peter Kalm. 

* Vide Kalm's Travels in Pinkerton, vol. 13. 



34 HISTOEICAL ADDRESS. 

XI. 

THE WAR OF 1755. 

And now we come to the stirring events of the last 
French and Indian war. 

This short war lasted only four years, from 1755 to 
1759, but during its continuance great armies marched 
through the old northern war path, dyeing its streams 
with blood, and filling its wild meadows with thousands 
of nameless new-made graves, and at its close the sceptre 
of the French kings over the valleys of Lake Champlain 
and the St. Lawrence dropped from their hands forever. 
But in this war the tide of battle moved northward and, 
settling around Lakes George and Champlain, passed 
beyond the limits of Saratoga. 

Time will permit me to hardly give more than the 
names of the vast armies — vast armies for those times and 
for those northern wilds — whose movements then made 
that fair scene the classic ground of our country's history. 

The first expedition was that under Sir William John- 
son, who in the summer of 1755 took his position at the 
head of Lake St. Sacrament, changed its name to Lake 
George in honor of the English King, and in token of 
his empire over it, and successfully defended it in tire 
three bloody battles of the 8th of September with the 
French and Indians, in command of the veteran French 
general, the Baron Dieskau. 

It was while on his way to Lake George, in the month 
of August, 1755, that Gen. Lyman halted his troops and 
built a fort in old Saratoga, at the mouth ot Fish Creek, 
now Schuylerville, on the Hudson, and named it Fort 



8AEAT0GA. 35 

Hardy, in honor of Sir Charles Hardy, the governor of 
New York. After the battle of the 8th of September, 
1755, Sir William Johnson built Fort William Henry, at 
the head of Lake George, naming it in honor of the 
Duke of Cumberland. 

Of Gen. Winslow's fruitless expedition of 1756, during 
which he built Fort Winslow, at Stillwater, in the place 
of Fort Ingoldesby, built by Col. Schuyler in 1709 ; of 
the campaign of 1757, in which Gen. Montcalm invested 
and destroyed Fort William Henry, at Lake George, 
whose surrender was followed by the dreadful massacre of 
a part of its garrison by the Indians ; of the magnificent 
army led by Gen. Abercrombie, in 1758, against Fort 
Carilon, at Ticonderoga, into the jaws of slaughter and de- 
feat, and of the final triumph of the English forces, under 
Gen. Amherst, on Lake Champlain, and under Gen. 
Wolfe, at Quebec, in 1759, I shall make but this passing 
mention. 

The peace of 1763, between England and France, 
brought joy to the war worn inhabitants of the great 
Northern valley. The hardy settlers, now that all fear 
of the northern invader was gone, left the banks of the 
rivers and the protection of the forts, and began to push 
their way into the heart of the old wilderness, and among 
them came Dirk Schouten, the first white settler of 
modern Saratoga, who built his lonely cabin among the 
Indian wigwams, near the High Rock spring, in the sum- 
mer of 1771. 

But before we briefly trace the history of Schouten's 
little clearing, with its rude cabin, through its slow devel- 



36 HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 

opment into our modern village, we must glance at some 
of the important events that occurred during the peace 
of twelve years, which ended in the war of the American 
revolution, and also notice the important battles of that 
war, which, taking place on the soil of old Saratoga, have 
shed such lustre on her name. 



XII. 

TEYON AND CHARLOTTE COUNTIES. 

It was during these twelve years of peace preceding 
the revolution, on the 24th day of March, 1772, that the 
county of Albany was divided, and the counties of Tryon 
and Charlotte set off. 

In the crowded annals of the state of New York there 
floats an almost mythical name, which for nearly a cen- 
tury has had no " local habitation." That name is Tryon 
county. 

For a long time previous to the year 1772, which year 
was the birth year of Tryon county, the whole northern 
and western part of the state was included in Albany 
county. In the spring of that year the county of Albany 
was divided, and the counties of Tryon and Charlotte set 
off. 

Tryon county was named in honor of Governor Wm. 
Tryon, and Charlotte count}' in honor of Princess Char- 
lotte, eldest daughter of George III. 

Tryon county included all the western part of the prov- 
ince of New York which lay to the west of a line run- 
ning from the north line of the state down along the west 



SARATOGA. 37 

line of what is now Saratoga county, to the Mohawk, 
thence around through the centre of Schoharie county to 
the north-east corner of Pennsylvania. 

It was 200 miles in extent along its eastern line, and 
stretched out westward 300 miles to Lake Erie. 

Charlotte county included all the northern part of the 
state lying to the north of what are now the counties of 
Saratoga and Rensselaer, and eastward of the Tryon 
coimty line. The shire town of this immense county of 
Tryon was Johnstown, the residence of Sir William 
Johnson. 

Sir William was then living in baronial splendor with 
the Mohawk princess, Molly Brandt, who was his Indian 
wife, and their eight dusky children. He was superin- 
tendent general of Indian affairs in North America, 
colonel of the Six Nations, and a major-general in the 
British service. Near him, along the fertile valley of the 
Mohawk, were his Dutch neighbors from the Hudson, 
and further up the valle}'^, at German Flats, now Herki- 
mer, were the Palatines, the emigrants from the Lower 
Palatinate of the Rhine. Stretching along to the west- 
ward through the whole valley of Central New York, 
were the Iroquois cantons of the Six Nations, the fiercest 
savages of the new world. 

Such were the elements of power in Tryon county 
when the war of the revolution broke out. At its close 
the scene was changed. The tenants of the Johnson 
manor were fugitives in Canada ; the Indian confederacy 
was destroyed save a few remnants, and the Dutch and 
the Palatines were the masters of the valley. 



38 HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 

Of the ten thousand white inhabitants of the valley at 
the beginning of the war, one-third had fled ; one-third 
had been slain in battle or murdered at their firesides, 
and among the remaining third were more than three 
hundred widows and two thousand orphan children.* 

Then the people of Tryon county, smiling through 
their tears, changed its name to Montgomery, and the 
name of the county of Charlotte was changed to Wash- 
ington. This change was made in 1784, and since then 
those names have faded out of speech, and are only to be 
found in musty records or on the historian's page. 

XIII. 

CAMPAIGN OF 1777. 

In the campaign of 1777, Saratoga again became the 
battle ground of the great northern valley. 

In the early summer of that year Gen. Burgoyne, with 
the British army under his command, swept down from 
the north through the old war-path, driving everything 
before him. On the 30th of June, at Crown Point, Bur- 
goyne uses to his army this striking language in his gen- 
eral orders : " The army embarks to-morrow to approach 
the enemy. The services required of this particular ex- 
pedition are critical and conspicuous. During our pro- 
gress occasions may occur in which nor difficulty, nor 
labor, nor life, are to be regarded. This army must not 
retreat." On the 29th of July the British army arrived 
on the banks of the Hudson at Fort Edward. About the 

♦Vide Campbell's Annals of Tryon connty. 



SAEATOGA. 39 

same time the American forces under General Schuyler 
moved down and made a stand on the islands at the 
mouth of the Mohawk, where the rude earthworks then 
thrown up by them can still be seen bj the curious trav- 
eler as he rides near them and even over them in the 
cars. 

Before the middle of August, Burgoyne passed down 
the east side of the river to the Fort Miller Falls and the 
mouth of the Battenkill, wliere he remained for over a 
month, until he crossed the Hudson on the 13th and 14th 
of September, and encamped on the heights of Saratoga, 
on his way to Bemis Heights. 

On the 19th of August, Gen. Gates superceded Gen. 
Schuyler in the command of the northern army, and on 
the 23d, Col. Morgan's regiment of riflemen arrived in 
the American camp from Virginia. 

It has always seemed to me that the removal of Gen. 
Philip Schuyler from the command of our northern army, 
although at the time so loudly called for by the disaffected, 
and perhaps necessary in order to appease their clamor, 
was really an act of injustice to that distinguished son of 
New York, and that much of the brilliant success of that 
army in the end was due to the prudent plans and wise 
forethought of Gen. Schuyler. 

On the 8th of September, Gen. Gates marched his army 
up to Stillwater, and a day or two after went two miles 
further up the river and took his position at Bemis 
Heights. 

At Bemis Heights tlie hills crowd down to the river 
bank, and leave only a narrow defile through which the 



40 HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 

great northern road runs up and down the valley. At 
the foot of the hill by the roadside near the bank of the 
river, stood a little tavern kept by one Bemis. His farm 
ran up over the hills back into the woods to the west of 
his tavern stand, and the hills were called after him 
Bemis Heights. 

Gen. Gates took possession of this narrow defile on the 
river bank, and extending his left wing back over the 
heights to the westward, threw up intrenchments, and 
awaited the approach of Burgoyne. He did. not wait 
long. 

On the 15th Burgoyne moved down on the west side 
of the river to Coveville. On the 17th he encamped 
near Sword's house, within four miles of the American 
army. Between him and the American camp, along the 
hills back from the river, there were several deep ravines 
to cross, and Burgoyne spent the 18th in making roads 
and bridges over these ravines. 

At ten o'clock on the morning of the 19th of Septem- 
ber, Burgoyne broke up camp at Sword's house, and 
dividing his army into three divisions, took up his march 
to attack the Americans in their intrenchments. General 
Burgoyne, in command of the center column, followed 
the road through the woods and across the ravines about 
a mile back from the river which he had cut the day 
before. Gen. Frazer, in command of the right wing, 
took a circuitous route about a mile further back from 
the river than Burgoyne, while Gen. Philips and Gen. 
Reidesel, with the left wing proceeded down the road 
along the river's bank. 



SARATOOA. 41 

The country was then all covered with its primeval 
forests, in which were here and there a small clearing 
with its lonely, deserted log cabin. On the road which 
Burgoyne took with his center column, there was one of 
those little clearings, which lay about a mile north of the 
American camp, and a mile back from the river. This 
clearing contained some twelve acres of ground. It 
was about the size of two city blocks, and was called 
Freeman's farm. 

In that little clearing in the old wilderness, on that 19th 
day of September, 1777, was fought one of the few de- 
cisive battles of the world.* 

I will not weary you with its details. The battle began 
about noon, at the log house, where a company of Mor- 
gan's Riflemen was stationed when the pickets of the 
center division of the -British army reached the clearing. 
The British pickets, who were commanded by Major 
Forbes, -were soon driven back to the main column, and 
the pursuing American riflemen routed in turn. 

Reinforcements soon coming up from the American 
camp, and the main central British column under Bur- 
goyne advancing into the clearing, at three o'clock the 
battle became general. Like the waves of a stormy sea 
the combatants drove each other back and forth across 

* Henry Hallam, author of the celebrated work, the " View of the State 
of Europe during the Middle Ages," defines decisive battles as " those 
few battles of which a contrary event would have essentially varied the 
drama of the world in all its subsequent scenes." E. S. Crecy, professor 
of history in the University Col. of London, has selected fifteen battles, 
beginning with Marathon, which took place 2366 years ago, and ending 
with Waterloo, in 1815, as the only ones coming within this definition. 
Among the fifteen he names Saratoga. — Vide Gen. BulhudV Historical 
Address at Schuylerville, July 4th, 1876. 
6 



42 HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 

that little clearing all the afternoon for four weary, bloody 
hours, until night closed the scene. 

When the shadows of that night passed over that 
bloody field, the cause of American Independence was 
won. 

At the conclusion of the fight, the Americans returned 
to their camp on the heights. They had scarcely a single 
round of ammunition left in their magazines. Had tlie 
British renewed the attack on the morrow, they would 
have achieved a bloodless victory, but they were too 
much crippled by the fight to renew it again so soon. 
Upon how slender a thread does the fate of nations some- 
times hang. Gen Gates alone knew the terrible secret, 
and a large supply coming up from Albany the next day, 
the danger was averted. 

The British encamped on the field of battle, and oc- 
cupying the plain to the east of it, down to the river's 
bank at what is now called "Wilbur's Basin, threw up a 
line of intrenchments from the river to the Freeman 
farm corresponding with the American works at Bemis 
Heights. The two armies remained in this position for 
eighteen days. 

Again on the afternoon of the 7th of October, the 
British marched out of their encampment to make 
another attempt to turn the left wing of the American 
army. Again the Americans marched out of their in- 
trenchments to meet them, bearing down upon them with 
such fury that in less than an hour the British were 
driven into their intrenchments with great slaughter. 

Then around the British camp at Freeman's Farm the 



SARATOGA. 48 

battle raged furiously till nightfall, the Americans carry- 
ing the British out-posts at the point of the bayonet as 
the darkness set in. Once more on Freeman's farm, and 
on the hill to the west of it where the first attack was 
that day made, the dead bodies of the slain lay upon the 
ground " as thick as sheaves in a fruitful harvest field." 

On the morning of the eighth the British were all 
huddled down around the Smith house at Wilbur's Basin, 
and the victorious Americans had advanced to the plain 
just below them. 

At sunset on the evening of the 8th the British buried 
Gen. Frazer in the great redoubt on the bluff overlooking 
the river near the Smith house, and soon after took up 
their midnight retreat toward the plains and heights of 
Saratoga. 

Then on the morning of the 17th of October, amid 
the crimson and golden glories of our American autumn 
forests, the like of which they had never seen before, the 
British marched out of their perilous camp " to the verge 
of the river where the old fort stood " — Fort Hardy — 
and laid down their arms as prisoners of war to the vic- 
torious Gates. 

The Americans were now masters of the great northern 
valley. These old hunting grounds in the angle of the 
war trails were theirs. The country itself was from that 
day theirs. 

And now it is proposed to build a monument on the 
heights of old Saratoga in honor of the surrender. It is 
well to do something worthy of a grateful people to keep 
in remembrance so important an event in their history as 



44 HISTOEICAL ADDRESS. 

tlie surrender of Burgoyne and his army. But if the 
ground on which the final surrender of the already beat- 
en and conquered British army took place, is worthy of 
such honor, should there not also be something done to 
mark the spot where the terrible wrench of the battle 
came, and was so bravely met in the field of that little 
clearing in the old wilderness, on the 19th of September, 
and the 7th of October, 1777? It has been objected that 
what was then called Freeman's farm, where those battles 
occurred, is an out of the way place, where few would 
ever see a monument. Every man, woman and child in 
our country should make a pilgrimage to that old battle 
ground, and a monument built upon it so high that all 
the people in the land can see the spot where their coun- 
try was saved. 



xiy. 

THE SMALL BEGINNINGS OF MODERN SARATOGA. 

But before I bring this address to a close, I must saj- 
something of the small beginnings in the wilderness, that 
have during the last ninety years of peace grown and de- 
veloped into our modern village. And on a subject upon 
which so much has been written, and with which you are 
all more or less familiar, I need not detain you long. 

But before we look into its early history, we must for 
a moment notice the geographical situation of the village 
of Saratoga Springs. The mountains of the great wil- 
derness' of Northern New York belong to the Laurentjan 
system of Canada, and a spur of this great Laurentian chain 



SARATOGA. 45 

which extends from Labrador along the northern shore 
of the St. Lawrence, crosses the great river at the Thou- 
sand Islands into Northern New York. 

After forming the Thousand Islands bj its rugged, 
broken character in crossing the St. Lawrence, this spur 
of the Laurentines, spreads easterly to Lake Champlain 
and the valley of the Upper Hudson, southerly to the 
valley of the Mohawk, westerly to the Black river, thus 
with its rugged broken rocks forming the great highland 
region of the wilderness, with its thousand lakes and 
thousand mountain peaks. 

The village of Saratoga Springs lies on the south-east- 
ern corner of the great highland region of the wilderness 
and on the very edge of the system of old Laurentian 
rocks. Along in the valley which runs through the vil- 
lage, the hard Laurentian rocks terminate, and the softer 
rocks of the Trenton limestone and Hudson river slates 
begin. In the geologic fault or fissure which here occurs 
between these two systems of rocks, the mineral springs 
burst forth. The most easterly of the five great moun- 
tain chains of this wilderness, the Palmertown range, 
ends in the northern part of the village, while the next 
chain westerly, the Kay-ad-ros-se-ra range, fills up its 
western horizon. Thus this village of Saratoga Springs 
sits at the foot of tlie Adirondacks, and while it sips its 
mineral waters, it breathes the pure invigorating air of 
the mountains. 

The first white man who visited Saratoga Springs, says 
Sir William Johnson, was a sick French ofiicer whom an 



46 HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 

Indian chief brought from Fort Carilon for the benefit of 
the waters.* 

The next, it is believed, was Sir William Johnson him- 
self, who came here in August, 1767. His faithful Mo- 
hawks brought him through the woods from Schenectady 
by the way of Ballston Lake to the High Rock spring. 

The High Rock of Saratoga with its wonderful spring 
is too familiar to need a description here. It was doubt- 
less formed by slow accretions from the mineral sub- 
stances deposited by the flowing waters, until it as- 
sumed its present shape, with the water running over 
the top and down the sides. For a long time, however, 
before Sir William's visit, it had ceased to flow over the 
top, and had found some other outlet. 

According to an old Indian legend, while it was still 
flowing over the top, some squaws once bathed in it their 
sooty faces against the will of the water's spirit, and the 
offended waters, shrinking from their polluting touch, 
sank down in shame into the bosom of the rock, and 
never afterwards were seen to flow over its surf ace. f 

* " An Indian, it is said (of those no doubt 

Whom French intrigues had from this country drawn) 
In earlier wars a sick French captain led 
To these rare fountains to regain his health." 

— Mineral Waters, by Reuben Sears, 1819. 
Sir William Johnson made this observation when he sold this tract of 
land to private individuals: "In tracing the history of these mineral 
springs, I could only learn that an Indian chief discovered them to a sick 
French officer in the early part of their wars with the English, but whether 
they were these very springs in this basin, or those at ten miles distance 
properly called Saratoga Springs, I know not." — Vide Morse's Gazetteer, 
article Ballston. 

f Chancellor Walworth's speech at Saratoga Springs, August 23, 1866. 



SARATOGA. 47 

In the partition and division of the patent of Kay-ad- 
ros-se-ra among its owners, which occurred on the 22d 
of February, 1771, lot 12 of the 16th allotment fell to 
Rip Van Dam. This lot 12 was about three miles long 
and one and three-fourths wide. It contained over three 
thousand acres, and in it were all the mineral springs of 
Saratoga. Rip Van Dam died soon after the division, 
and his executors sold lot 12 to Jacob Walton, Anthony- 
Van Dam and Isaac Low After the war the state took 
possession of Low's interest in lot 12, and sold it to Henry 
Livingston and his brothers. In 1793 Walton purchased 
Anthony Van Dam's interest, and from that time the 
original title to most of the lands in the village can be 
traced to the Waltons and the Livingstons. 

In the year 1773 Dirk Schouten, the pioneer settler of 
Saratoga Springs, came up to chop his small clearing, to 
plant a few potatoes, and build his humble cabin on the 
"blufl" a little west of the High Rock spring. 

Schouten's route to the springs was from the EEudson 
to the east side of Saratoga Lake, thence across the lake 
in a bark canoe to the mouth of the Kay-ad-ros-se-ra river, 
thence up the river two miles to an Indian trail that led 
to the springs. The way to the springs is much plainer 
now-a-days than it was a hundred years ago. 

Before Schouten's cabin was completed he quarrelled 
with the Indians, and they drove him away. 

In the next summer, that of 1774, John Arnold, from 
Rhode Islarfd, with his young family, tried his fortunes 
at Saratoga Springs. He took possession of Schouten's 



48 HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 

deserted cabin, and, making some improvements, opened 
a kind of rude tavern for the visitors of the springs. 

This pioneer hotel had but a single room or two on 
the ground floor, with a chamber overliead. In sight of 
it were sixteen Indian cabins filled with their savage oc- 
cupants. In the rocky ledges near by were numerous 
dens of rattlesnakes. There were so many of these rep- 
tiles then at the Springs, that the early visitors often had 
to hang their beds from the limbs of the trees to avoid 
them. Nightly, the wolves howled, and the panther 
screamed ; daily, the black bears picked berries in the lit- 
tle clearings, and the wild deer and the moose drank from 
the brook, while the eagle yearly built her nest on the 
tops of the towering pines. Such was the style, and such 
were the surroundings of the first rough hotels of the 
wilderness springs of a hundred years ago, that led the 
way in the long line of magnificent structures that have 
since graced the modern village. 

Arnold kept his little forest tavern for two summers, 
and was succeeded by Samuel Norton, who was driven 
away by the war of the revolution, and for six years the 
springs were again left to their savage occupants. 

In the spring of 1783, a son of Norton returned to his 
father's deserted cabin, and remained until 1787, when 
Alexander Bryant became the owner of the Schonten 
house. Bryant built a blacksmith shop, and another log 
tavern near by. It was in 1783, also, that Gen Schuyler 
cut a road from old Saratoga, now Schuylenville, on the 
Hudson, into the springs, and in the following year built 
his rude frame summer house near the high rock spring. 



SARATOGA. 



49 



In 1789 Gideon Putnam and Dr. Clement Blakesley 
settled at the springs. Dr. Blakesley occupied the 
Schouten house, and Putnam located on his farm a mile 
west of the village. It ^ is to the enterprise of Gideon 
Putnam that the village is indebted for much of its early 
prosperity. 

In 1790 Benjamin Risley, from Yermont, bought the 
Schouten house, and opened a hotel which was for ten 
years the rival of Bryant's house on the opposite corner 
of the little clearing near the high rock spring. 

It was in the month of August, 1792, that Governor 
John Taylor Gilman, of New Hampshire, who had been 
a delegate in the Continental Congress, was staying at 
the Schouten house. Upon a sunny afternoon he took 
his gun and wandered up the creek into the deep woods 
in search of game. Coming to a little waterfall he found 
at the foot of it a small jet of sparkling water issuing 
from the rocky bank of the stream. Stooping down to 
taste it, he found the little sparkling jet, no bigger than 
a pipe-stem, to be mineral water. Hastening back to his 
boarding place, Gilman made known his discovery.* 

Every person in the settlement was soon at the foot of 
that cascade in the deep, wild woods, wondering at the 
curious spectacle. And you could almost count them all 
upon your fingers' ends. There were Risley and his 

* In May, 1815, I published an article entitled " Saratoga " in the Troy 
Times, which is copyrighted. In the summer of 18*75, the Messrs. Taintor, 
of New York, published their guide book entitled " Saratoga, and how to 
See it." In their guide book the Messrs. Taintor inserted large portions 
of my article on Saratoga, in violation of my copyright, and without giving 
me any credit for it. Some of the matter so taken I have reclaimed for 
the purposes of this address. 



50 HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 

family of the Schouten house. There was Alexander 
Bryant, the patriot scout of the revolution, who kept the 
only rival tavern. There were Gen. Schuyler, and Dr. 
Blakesley, and Gideon Putnam^ and Gilman's brother, 
and a few more guests who were at the little log tavern 
were all doubtless there. And there too, was Indian Joe 
from his clearing on the hill, near where the Clarendon 
now is, and some of his swarthy brethren from their huts 
near the High Rock, wondering at the strange commo- 
tion among the pale faces at the little waterfall in the 
brook. 

And they all, gathering around it, each in turn tasted 
the water of the newly found fountain, and pronouncing 
it of superior quality, they named it then and there the 
Congress spring, out of compliment to its distinguished 
discoverer, and in honor of the old Continental Congress 
of which he had been a member. 

In the year 1794 John and Ziba Taylor opened a small 
store in one of the rooms of the Schouten house, and 
became the pioneer merchants of the Springs. 

But in the year 1800 a new era dawned upon Saratoga 
Springs. In that year Gideon Putnam bought an acre of 
land of Henry Walton on what is now the site of the 
Grand Union, then in the depths of the old forest, and 
clearing off the heavy growth of pines, built the first of 
the large, commodious and elegant hotels for which Sara- 
toga has since become so distinguished. Of the large 
hotels the Congress Hall was first opened in 1815, and the 
United States in 1824. Such were the small beginnings 
of the first quarter of a century of this great watering 



SAKATOGA. 51 

place an{i up to a period within the memory of hving 
men. 



XY. 

CONCLUSION. 

And now during these, the centennial years of the first 
rude openings of the Springs in the northern wilds, this 
whole village is crowded with hotels, the largest, grand- 
est, best appointed in the world, within a stone's throw 
of each other, and glittering with more than oriental 
splendor. When all lighted up of a summer evening, 
the streets filled with gay promenaders — the wit, the 
wealth, the fashion and the beauty of half the woi'ld all 
there, the scene presented is like that of some fairy land. 
Surely has some enchanter touched with magic wand 
those old rude hotels of a century ago, and transformed 
them into palaces like those famous in eastern story. 

The future liistorian will have much to say of the pro- 
gress of the village during the present century. He will 
have much to say also of the gifted men who, during the 
last seventy-five years, have made this village their 
homes. Men eminent in jurisprudence and the law ; 
men celebrated in divinity and medicine ; men and wo- 
men distinguished in literature, in science and the arts. 
But the story of their lives and deeds has already been 
written on a thousand pages, and I need not repeat it 
here. 

In reviewing these historical memories we have seen 
how the old hunting grounds of Kay-ad-ros-se-ra and 



52 HISTOEICAL ADDKESS. 

Sa-ragh-to-ga were for a hundred and seventy years the 
theatre of sanguinary warfare. To-day we look around 
us upon a fairer scene, and see how ninety years of smil- 
ing peace have made the old wilderness to "bud and 
blossom even as doth the rose." We have seen how a 
hundred years ago no one came to these old springs of 
the forest but serpents and wild beasts, and still wilder 
men. To-day we see how many steps from all the nations 
of the earth are turned toward this great watering place 
— this Mecca of our country's liighest civilization ; we see 
how all eyes are gazing at its sparkling, bubbling fount- 
ains, and how all lips are tasting of their healing waters. 



m^ IN PRESS, AND SOON TO BE PUBLISHED.^^ 



NORTHERN NEW YORK 

— AND ITS 

GREAT WILDERNESS. 

« 
BY 

N. B. SYLVESTER. 



Chapter I. Northern New York. 

II. Early Explorers. 

III. The Ho-de-no-sau-nee — The Five Nations. 

IV. Couch-sach-ra-ge — The Great Wilderness. 
V. Mountains of the Wilderness. 

VI. Mountain Passes. 

VII. Mountain Meadows. 

VIII. The Discovery of Lake George. * 

IX. Lakes of the Wilderness. 

X. The Naming of the Chazy River. 

XL Rivers of the Wilderness. 

XII. Tryon County. 

XIII. The Manor of Willsborough. 

XIV. North Elba. 

XV. The Adirondack Village. 

XVI. Chateaubriand. 

XVII. Castorland. 

XVIII. Sistersfield. 

XIX. John Brown's Tract. 

XX. The Hunter Foster and the Indian Drid. 

XXI. Smith's Lake. 

XXII. Number Four. 

XXIII. James O'Kane. 

' XXIV. The Watson Manor. 

XXV. Lake Bonaparte. 

XXVI. La Famine and the Lesser Wilderness. 

XXVII. Swa-gen— Oswego of the Olden Time. 

XXVIII. 0-swa-gatch — NOW Ogdensburgh. 

XXIX. Isle aux Chevreuils — Garleton Island. 

XXX. Tom Garnet, a Tale op the Thousand Isles. 

XXXI. The Two Water Wheels. 

XXXII. The Legend of The Diamond Rook. 

XXXIII. Saratoga. 



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